@article{serpettiModelingSmallScale2021,

title = {Modeling Small Scale Impacts of Multi-Purpose Platforms: An Ecosystem Approach},

author = {Natalia Serpetti and Steven Benjamins and Stevie Brain and Maurizio Collu and Bethany J. Harvey and Johanna J. Heymans and Adam D. Hughes and Denise Risch and Sophia Rosinski and James J. Waggitt and Ben Wilson},

doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.694013},

issn = {2296-7745},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-07-25},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {0},

publisher = {Frontiers},

abstract = {Aquaculture and marine renewable energy are two expanding sectors of the Blue Economy in Europe. Assessing the long-term environmental impacts in terms of eutrophication and noise is a priority for both the EU Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and cumulative impacts will be important for the Maritime Spatial Planning under the Integrated Maritime Policy. With the constant expansion of aquaculture production, it is expected that farms might be established further offshore in more remote areas, as high-energy conditions offer an opportunity to generate more power locally using Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices. A proposed solution is the co-location of MRE devices and aquaculture systems using Multi-Purpose Platforms (MPPs) comprising offshore wind turbines (OWTs) that will provide energy for farm operations as well as potentially shelter the farm. Disentangling the impacts, conflicts and synergies of MPP elements on the surrounding marine ecosystem is challenging. Here we created a high-resolution spatiotemporal Ecospace model of the West of Scotland, in order to assess impacts of a simple MPP configuration on the surrounding ecosystem and how these impacts can cascade through the food web. The model evaluated the following specific ecosystem responses: i) top-down control pathways due to distribution changes among top-predators (harbour porpoise, gadoids and seabirds) driven by attraction to the farming sites and/or repulsion/killing due to OWT operations; ii) bottom-up control pathways due to salmon farm activity providing increasing benthic enrichment predicated by a fish farm particle dispersal model, and sediment nutrient fluxes to the water column by early diagenesis of organic matter (recycled production). Weak responses of the food-web were found for top-down changes, whilst the results showed high sensitivity to increasing changes of bottom-up drivers that cascaded through the food-web from primary producers and detritus to pelagic and benthic consumers respectively. We assessed the sensitivity of the model to each of these impacts and the cumulative effects on the ecosystem, discuss the capabilities and limitations of the Ecospace modelling approach as a potential tool for marine spatial planning and the impact that these results could have for the Blue Economy and the EU's New Green Deal.},

keywords = {aquaculture, Ecopath with Ecosim, Ecospace, Marine renewable energy, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Maritime spatial planning, Multi purpose platform, Offshore wind, West coast of Scotland},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{metian_mapping_2020,

title = {Mapping diversity of species in global aquaculture},

author = {M. Metian and M. Troell and V. Christensen and J. Steenbeek and S. Pouil},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12374},

doi = {10.1111/raq.12374},

issn = {1753-5123, 1753-5131},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-05-01},

urldate = {2020-06-30},

journal = {Reviews in Aquaculture},

volume = {12},

number = {2},

pages = {1090--1100},

abstract = {Aquaculture is the world’s most diverse farming practice in terms of number of species, farming methods and environments used. While various organizations and institutions have promoted species diversification, overall species diversity within the aquaculture industry is likely not promoted nor sufficiently well quantified. Using the most extensive dataset available (FAO-statistics) and an approach based on the Shannon Diversity index, this paper provides a method for quantifying and mapping global aquaculture species diversity. Although preliminary analyses showed that a large part of the species forming production is still qualified as undetermined species (i.e. ‘not elsewhere included’); results indicate that usually high species diversity for a country is associated with a higher production but there are considerable differences between countries. Nine of the top 10 countries ranked highest by Shannon Diversity index in 2017 are from Asia with China producing the most diverse collection of species. Since species diversity is not the only level of diversity in production, other types of diversity are also briefly discussed. Diversifying aquatic farmed species can be of importance for long-term performance and viability of the sector with respect to sustaining food production under (sometimes abrupt) changing conditions. This can be true both at the global and regional level. In contrast, selection and focus on only a limited number of species can lead to rapid improvements in terms of production (towards sustainability or not) and profitability. Therefore, benefits and shortcomings of diversity are discussed from both economical and social-ecological perspectives that concurrently are shaping the expanding aquaculture industry.},

keywords = {aquaculture, biodiversity, global study},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stelioskatsanevakisInvadingMediterraneanSea2014,

title = {Invading the Mediterranean Sea: Biodiversity Patterns Shaped by Human Activities},

author = {Marta Coll Stelios Katsanevakis},

doi = {10.3389/fmars.2014.00032},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

keywords = {alien species, aquaculture, biodiversity patterns, biological invasions, Lessepsian migrants, pathways, shipping},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{forestal_ecosystem_2012,

title = {Ecosystem effects of Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus) aquaculture in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea},

author = {F. Forestal and M. Coll and V. Christensen and D. Die},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},

volume = {456},

pages = {215--231},

keywords = {aquaculture, NW Mediterranean},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}